Urine output is a vital parameter to gauge kidney health. Current monitoring methods include manually written records, invasive urinary catheterization, or ultrasound measurements performed by highly skilled personnel. Catheterization bears high risks of infection while intermittent ultrasound measures and manual recording are time-consuming and might miss early signs of kidney malfunction. Bioimpedance (BI) measurements may serve as a noninvasive alternative for measuring urine volume in vivo. However, limited robustness has prevented its clinical translation. Here, a deep learning-based algorithm is presented that processes the local BI of the lower abdomen and suppresses artifacts to measure the bladder volume quantitatively, noninvasively, and without the continuous need for additional personnel. A tetrapolar BI wearable system was used to collect continuous bladder volume data from three healthy subjects to …
